definition of - senses, usage, synonyms, thesaurus. Online Dictionaries: Definition of Options|Tips Libros PDF. 4, likes · 2 talking about this. Download free books in PDF format. Read online books for free new release and bestseller Gladstone in , painted by George Frederic Watts. The Conservative Leader Lord Derby became Prime Minister in , but Gladstone—who like the other Peelites was still nominally a Conservative—declined a position in his government, opting not to sacrifice his free trade principles
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In a career lasting over 60 years, he served for 12 years as Prime Minister of the United Kingdomspread over four terms beginning in and ending in He also served as Chancellor of the Exchequer four times, serving over 12 years. Gladstone was born in Liverpool to Scottish parents.
He first entered the House of Commons inbeginning his political career as a High Torya grouping which became the Conservative Party under Robert Peel in Gladstone served as a minister in both of Peel's governments, and in joined the breakaway Peelite faction, which eventually merged into the new Liberal Party in He was chancellor under Lord Aberdeen —Lord Palmerston — and Lord Russell — Gladstone's own political doctrine—which emphasised equality of opportunity and opposition to trade protectionism —came to be known as Gladstonian liberalism.
His popularity amongst the working-class earned him the sobriquet "The People's William". InGladstone became prime minister for the first time. Many reforms were passed during his first ministry, including the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland and the introduction of secret voting, craigie frederic dissertation.
After electoral defeat inGladstone resigned as leader of the Liberal Party. From he began a comeback based on opposition to the Ottoman Empire reaction to the Bulgarian April Uprising. His Midlothian Campaign of —80 was an early example of many modern political campaigning techniques, craigie frederic dissertation. Back in office in earlyGladstone proposed home rule for Ireland but was defeated in the House of Commons.
The resulting split in the Liberal Party helped keep them out of office — with one short break — for 20 years, craigie frederic dissertation.
Gladstone formed his last government inat the age of The Government of Ireland Bill passed through the Commons but was defeated in the House of Lords in Gladstone left office in Marchaged 84, as both the oldest person to serve as Prime Minister and the only prime minister to have served four terms.
He left Parliament in and died three years later. Gladstone was known affectionately by his supporters as "The People's William" or the "G. Born in in Liverpoolat 62 Rodney StreetWilliam Ewart Gladstone was the fourth son of the wealthy slaveowner John Gladstoneand his second wife, Anne MacKenzie Robertson.
Inthe family name was changed from Gladstones to Gladstone by royal licence. His father was made a baronetof Fasque and Balfour, in Although born and raised in Liverpool, William Gladstone was of purely Scottish ancestry. One of his earliest childhood memories was being made to stand on a table and say "Ladies and gentlemen" to the assembled audience, craigie frederic dissertation, probably at a gathering to promote the election of George Canning as MP for Liverpool in Inyoung "Willy" visited Scotland for the first time, as he and his brother John travelled with their father to EdinburghBiggar and Dingwall to visit craigie frederic dissertation relatives.
Willy and his brother were both made freemen of the burgh of Dingwall. Whilst in London, he attended a service of thanksgiving with his family at St Paul's Cathedral following the Battle of Waterloowhere he saw the Prince Regent. William Gladstone was educated from to at a preparatory school at the vicarage of St. Thomas' Church at Seaforthclose to craigie frederic dissertation family's residence, Seaforth House.
In Decemberhe achieved the double first-class degree he had long desired, craigie frederic dissertation. Gladstone served as President of the Oxford Unionwhere he developed a reputation as an orator, which followed him into the House of Commons. At university, Gladstone was a Tory and denounced Whig proposals for parliamentary reform. Following the success of his double first, William travelled with his brother John on a Grand Tour of western Europe.
Although Gladstone entered Lincoln's Inn inwith intentions of becoming a barristerby he had requested that his name should be removed from the list because he no longer intended to be called to the Bar. When Gladstone was 22 the Duke of Newcastlea Conservative party activist, craigie frederic dissertation, provided him with one of two seats at Newark where he controlled about a fourth of the very small electorate, craigie frederic dissertation.
The Duke spent thousands of pounds entertaining the voters. Gladstone displayed remarkably strong technique as a campaigner and stump speaker. He immediately came under attack from anti-slavery elements. He also surprised the duke by urging the need to increase pay for unskilled factory workers. Gladstone's early attitude towards slavery was highly shaped by his father, Sir John Gladstoneone of the largest slave owners in the British Empire. Both father and son opposed emancipation, saying craigie frederic dissertation slaves first had to have better morals.
They also opposed the international slave trade which lowered the value of the slaves the father already owned. Gladstone opposed this and said in that emancipation should come after moral emancipation through the adoption of an education and the inculcation of "honest and industrious habits" among the slaves.
Then "with the utmost speed that prudence will permit, we shall arrive at that exceedingly desired consummation, the utter extinction of slavery. Inwhen slavery was abolished across the British Empire, the owners were paid full value for the slaves.
Gladstone helped his father obtain £, in official reimbursement by the government for the 2, slaves he owned across nine plantations in the Caribbean. In later years Gladstone's attitude towards slavery became more critical as his father's influence over his politics diminished. In Gladstone broke with his father when, as President of the Board of Tradehe advanced proposals to halve duties on foreign sugar not produced by slave labour, in order to "secure the effectual exclusion of slave-grown sugar" and to encourage Brazil and Spain to end slavery.
Gladstone was an intense opponent of the opium trade. Gladstone was re-elected in In September he lost the forefinger of his left hand craigie frederic dissertation an accident while reloading a gun. Thereafter he wore a glove or finger sheath stall.
In the second ministry of Robert Peel he served as President of the Board of Trade — Gladstone was responsible for the Railways Act —regarded by historians as the birth of the regulatory state craigie frederic dissertation, of network industry regulation, of rate of return regulation, and telegraph regulation. Examples of its foresight are the clauses empowering government to take control of railway in time of war, the concept of Parliamentary trains limited in cost to a penny a mile, of universal service and of control of the recently invented electric telegraph which ran alongside railway craigie frederic dissertation. Railways were the largest investment as a percentage of GNP in human history [ dubious — discuss ] and this Bill the most heavily lobbied in Parliamentary history [ dubious — discuss ].
Gladstone succeeded in guiding the Act through Parliament at the height of the railway bubble. Gladstone became concerned with the situation of "coal whippers". These were the men who worked on London docks, "whipping" in baskets from ships to barges or wharves all incoming coal from the sea. They were called up and relieved through public houses, therefore a man could not get this job unless he possessed the favourable opinion of the publican, who looked most favourably upon those who drank.
The man's name was written down and the "score" followed. Publicans issued employment solely on the capacity of the man to pay, and men often left the pub to craigie frederic dissertation drunk.
They spent their savings on drink to secure the favourable opinion of craigie frederic dissertation and therefore further employment.
Gladstone passed the Coal Vendors Act to set up a central office for employment. When this Act expired in a Select Committee was appointed by the Lords in to look into craigie frederic dissertation question.
Gladstone gave evidence to the Committee: "I approached the subject in the first instance as I think everyone in Parliament of necessity did, with the strongest possible prejudice against the proposal [to interfere]; but the facts stated were of so extraordinary and deplorable a character, that it was impossible to withhold attention from them, craigie frederic dissertation.
Then the question being whether legislative interference was required I was at length induced to look at a remedy of an extraordinary character as the only one I thought applicable to the case it was a great innovation". He resigned in over the Maynooth Grant issue, a matter of conscience for him.
Gladstone, who had previously argued in a book that a Protestant country should not pay money to other churches, nevertheless supported the increase in the Maynooth grant and voted for it in Commons, but resigned rather craigie frederic dissertation face craigie frederic dissertation that he had compromised his principles to remain in office.
After accepting Gladstone's resignation, Peel confessed to a friend, "I really have great difficulty sometimes craigie frederic dissertation exactly comprehending what he means, craigie frederic dissertation.
Throughout the corn law crisis oftherefore, Gladstone was in the highly anomalous and possibly unique position of being a secretary of state without a seat in either house and thus unanswerable to parliament. When Peel's government fell inGladstone and other Peel loyalists followed their leader in separating from the protectionist Conservatives; instead offering tentative support to the new Whig prime minister Lord John Russellwith whom Peel had cooperated over the repeal of the Corn Laws.
After Peel's death inGladstone emerged as the leader of the Peelites in the House of Commons. He was re-elected for the University of Oxford i. representing the MA graduates of the University at the General Election in —Peel had once held this seat but had lost it because of his espousal of Catholic Emancipation in Gladstone became a constant critic of Lord Palmerston.
In Gladstone helped to establish Glenalmond Collegethen The Holy and Undivided Trinity College at Glenalmond. The school was set up as an episcopal foundation to spread the ideas of Anglicanism in Scotland, and to educate the craigie frederic dissertation of the gentry. Craigie frederic dissertation a young man Gladstone had treated his father's estate, craigie frederic dissertation, Fasque, in Forfarshirecraigie frederic dissertation, southwest of Aberdeen, as home, but as a younger son he would not inherit it.
Instead, from the time of his marriage, he lived at his wife's family's estate at Hawarden in Flintshire, Wales. He never actually owned Hawarden, which belonged first to his brother-in-law Sir Stephen Glynneand was then inherited by Gladstone's eldest son in During the late s, when he was out of office, he worked extensively to turn Hawarden into a viable business.
In he founded the Church Penitentiary Association for the Reclamation of Fallen Women. In May he began his most active "rescue work" and met prostitutes late at night on the street, in his house or in their houses, writing their names in a private notebook. He aided the House of Mercy at Clewer near Windsor which exercised extreme in-house discipline and spent much time arranging employment for ex-prostitutes.
In a "Declaration" signed on 7 December and only to be opened after his death, Gladstone wrote, "I desire to record my solemn declaration and assurance, as in the sight of God and before His Judgement Seat, that at no period of my life have I been guilty of the act which is known as that of infidelity to the marriage bed.
Italy, for the benefit of his daughter Mary's eyesight. Giacomo Lacaita, legal adviser to the British embassy, was at the time imprisoned by the Neapolitan government, as were other political dissidents, craigie frederic dissertation.
Gladstone became concerned at the political situation craigie frederic dissertation Naples and the arrest and imprisonment of Neapolitan liberals. In February Gladstone visited the prisons where thousands of them were held and was extremely outraged. In April and July he published two Letters to the Earl of Aberdeen against the Neapolitan government and responded to his critics in An Examination of the Official Reply of the Neapolitan Government in Gladstone's first letter described what he saw in Naples as "the negation of God erected into a system of government".
Infollowing the appointment of Lord Aberdeen as Prime Minister, head of a coalition of Whigs and Peelites, Gladstone became Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Whig Sir Charles Wood and the Tory Disraeli had both been perceived to have failed in the office and so this provided Gladstone with a great political opportunity.
His first budget in almost completed the work begun by Peel eleven years before in simplifying Britain's tariff of duties and customs. We propose, then, craigie frederic dissertation, to re-enact it for two years, from April, craigie frederic dissertation,to April,at the rate of 7d.
in the £; from April,to enact it for two more years at 6d.
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