The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment), formed in , was the oldest and senior infantry regiment in the British Army until its amalgamation in , with the other Scottish Infantry Regiments to form The Royal Regiment of blogger.com direct link is to their 1st Battalion, The Royal Scots Borderers or 1 SCOTS and, for our former Reserve (Territorial) Army elements, 6 SCOTS Royal Essays is a place where high-quality writing and breakthrough insights come together in one paper. We provide clients with customised student papers based on credible academic sources, all properly cited. All of our writers hold Master`s or Doctorate degrees, hence they are well-versed in academic research We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow blogger.com more
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John Locke took part in administering the slave-owning colonies. Does that make him, and liberalism itself, royal essays, hypocritical?
John Locke, who lived through two revolutions in 17th-century England, remains perhaps the most important theorist about democracy, royal essays. The principles that government should be based on the consent of the governed, that most people can make reasonable choices, that all men are created equal, that people have inalienable rights — his animosity towards hereditary privilege — have had many critics too.
Since then, criticism has grown. On the Right, critics see him as too idealistic and impractical: all people are not and cannot be equal. On the Left, critics contend that Locke was a hypocrite, a philosopher who put forth radical ideas while working on behalf of slavery and colonialism. Implicating Locke in the causes of slavery and colonialism has cast a shadow over Western liberalism, and indeed democracy itself.
However, royal essays, history tells a different story. Colonialism and slavery emerged from ideas and practices much older than Locke about the divine and absolute rights of kings.
As a mid-level functionary in 17th-century England, royal essays, Royal essays directly encountered the realities of monarchy and inherited status. Such experiences opened his eyes, royal essays.
Over time, he came to believe that slavery was deeply wrong, royal essays, that it was the most extreme instance of the evils of inherited status that infected the entire social order, royal essays. As his opposition to royal policies developed, he faced punishment for his radical ideas. At the end of the war, King Charles I was tried for treason against his own people and executed on 30 January Locke was But after more than a decade of political instability, Locke supported a new king.
In Mayroyal essays, in the person of Charles II, monarchy returned to England, royal essays. London mobs and rival armies readied royal essays fight each other, opening a spectre of anarchy. Over the next few years, Locke lived in Oxford, as a scholar and tutor, specialising in medicine and philosophy. He probably would have stayed there, and written little of note, had he not in saved the life of Anthony Ashley Cooper, later the first Earl of Shaftesbury.
Just as a prince is born the son of a king, with a right to rule, a subject was born to a subject, and a slave born to a slave, each with the obligation to obey king and master. DuringEngland under Charles II pursued slavery royal essays, and not only because it helped to justify monarchy. Slaves helped to produce profitable crops such as sugar and tobacco that generated huge tax revenues for the monarch. Bythe tax revenue in the form of customs on these staples comprised a third of crown revenue, royal essays, paying for the navy, the army, and much else.
Charles II married Catherine of Braganza from Portugal for her dowry, which included forts off the African coast. He put his brother James in charge of a new Royal Royal essays Company to enable the slave trade; James led two wars against the Dutch to gain access to the slave trade. In Virginia, the king offered 50 acres per slave or servant bought; thus, some men accrued estates of 20, acres and more.
The implication is not royal essays much personal hypocrisy as evidence that Western liberalism, from its foundational theorist, promoted slavery.
In terms of the Carolina constitutions, Locke was a secretary — he drafted a legal document as a lawyer drafts a will. He composed it for the eight men who owned the Carolinas given to them as a reward by Charles II. The matter of the Royal African Company stock has also lent itself to misinterpretation. InCharles paid Locke in Royal African Company stock.
But within two years, both Locke and Shaftesbury stopped cooperating with the king and his policies. Shaftesbury opposed not only the Test Act of barring both Catholics and Dissenters — non-Anglican Protestants — from political office but also probably a attempt to royal essays an imperial slave royal essays for England, both of which Charles supported.
Charles ordered the book burned as seditious. In JulyLocke sold his stock in the Royal African Company, and Shaftesbury quickly followed. If the story ended here, royal essays, we would know little of Locke, royal essays. He was a minor actor in a political contest dominated by major figures struggling over empire royal essays questions on the nature of power.
But the story did not end royal essaysroyal essays rather marked an abrupt turning point. They began as a repudiation of claims of divine and hereditary absolute power. They began to argue that absolutism possessed a common essence, and took different forms — of kings over subjects, royal essays, and masters over slaves — but that all forms were wrong.
Without his involvement in imperial policymaking, Locke would never have composed the Second Treatisehis theory of democratic governance. He wrote it not to propound Stuart ideals and practices, but against them, compelled by his legal and administrative encounters with slavery, a corrupt colonial government and a tyrannical monarch. His Two Treatises was a different kind of constitution than the one he had helped to draft for Carolina.
James II was in fact the governor of the Royal essays African Company at the same time he was king. Ministers of the Church of England, of which he was head, preached passive obedience to him because he was chosen by God to lead them. James II was directly involved in that trade in human cargo, royal essays.
He attacked the principle of divine and hereditary power methodically. Why should the eldest son inherit all power by primogeniture, even over his brothers?
The king might argue that his right to rule descended from Adam, but neither he nor royal essays of slaves had power over others by such specious claims. He began with postulates including the Golden Rule and built principles: government should be based on consent, and has particular purposes, mainly to protect its subjects.
People do not have to obey a government that royal essays longer protects them, and the consent of an ancestor does not bind the descendants : each generation must consent for itself, royal essays. And he insisted that it should never be hereditary, royal essays.
He opposed slavery on the same grounds as hereditary monarchy. People do not inherit their status. Government should be based on the consent of the governed, royal essays on divine and hereditary privilege. Labour, also, should be based on consent. The first thing anyone owns and cannot give away is his own person. It is a propriety, a belonging, royal essays, that is higher than any other kind of ownership. That right is very different from slavery, which is forced labour.
A fter the Glorious Revolution, King William and Queen Mary gradually retreated from many earlier policies that had encouraged slavery, royal essays. Under pressure from them, William III appointed Locke to a new and more powerful governing council royal essays the colonies, which he called the Board of Trade. There, Locke sat in judgment over many colonial policies.
He became particularly concerned about abuses of power in Virginia. He then wrote a page plan for law reform in Virginia. That plan resides in the Bodleian library at Oxford, where librarians discovered it rolled into a cubby royal essays in his desk when they acquired his papers, royal essays.
It has long been assumed, even though it was in his handwriting and that of his secretary, that he did not write it. I show that he did. Locke arranged for the appointment of a new governor for Virginia: Francis Nicholson.
By court decision inNicholson got rid of the land bounty for buying a slave. He sent a copy of that decision back to England. Locke was also familiar with the English High Court decisions that had justified slavery only for aliens.
By urging their baptism, Locke was undercutting the rationale for slavery. Subjects could claim rights to protections against maiming and assault, to trial by jury, to testify, to own land, royal essays, and to freedom from forced labour. The High Court decisions affected American colonies then just as Supreme Court decisions often affect state law today. So King James II could dismiss judges and appoint new ones on his slightest whim, which he did.
William III appointed completely new judges. Inroyal essays, they reversed the earlier High Court decisions and ruled that no man could own another. Of course, slavery did not end in Virginia in After a political crisis that led to the fall of the Whigs inLocke, who was old and sick, resigned from the board. William III died after a hunting accident in And his successor Queen Anne, daughter of James II whose court idealised slavery as the source of imperial wealth, reversed all of these policies again.
Her crowning achievement was obtaining a grant to supply the Spanish empire with all their slaves for the next 30 years. That contract, the asientomade Britain the main importer of slaves to the New World by His ideas about how people could claim rights to property did justify a certain kind of colonisation.
He argued that, by making objects, by farming the land, one could derive ownership, goods and ground, royal essays. Such attention to historical context matters. These complex debates over justice shaped the early modern world, royal essays, and continue to shape ours.
If we pretend that Locke and the Stuart kings were the same, and that their policy struggles did not matter, we ignore the impact of our royal essays policies. It is not only that the big questions were fiercely contended, but that small policies often had huge impacts. Royal essays too was his suggestion that all people be naturalised and have equal protections under the law.
The effort to compress such fierce disputes into a flat narrative of hypocrisy belies not only the past but the present. The effort to condemn liberalism and Locke as a theory of slavery and oppression, and to see within liberalism the origin of slavery, misrepresents the very essence of his theory, royal essays, which was about human rights. It silences intense political debates over such rights that had dramatic practical repercussions.
Slavery was justified by theories that all people were born to a divinely ordained status, ideas that were harmonious with racism, but not defined by that racism. Liberalism arose in reaction to royal essays. It sought inclusion, royal essays, and defined rights with royal essays promises, royal essays, albeit ones that could be opened to exclusions. Indeed, one could argue that the breadth of such promises made racism and royal essays forms of prejudice necessary in order to once again justify hereditary hierarchies, royal essays.
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Sep 12, · During the s, the Royal African Company brought as many as , people from Africa to England’s colonies in the New World. James II was directly involved in that trade in human cargo. Locke’s First Treatise begins: ‘Slavery is so vile and miserable an estate of man that ’tis hardly to be conceived’ that anyone would support it The Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment), formed in , was the oldest and senior infantry regiment in the British Army until its amalgamation in , with the other Scottish Infantry Regiments to form The Royal Regiment of blogger.com direct link is to their 1st Battalion, The Royal Scots Borderers or 1 SCOTS and, for our former Reserve (Territorial) Army elements, 6 SCOTS We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow blogger.com more
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