Feb 02, · Timeline of Philippine Literature 1. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD Early Times – The first period of the Philippine literary history is the longest. Long time before the Spaniards and other foreigners landed on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own literature stamped in the history of our race The last throes of American colonialism saw the flourishing of Philippine literature in English at the same time, with the introduction of the New Critical aesthetics, made writers pay close attention to craft and "indirectly engendered a disparaging attitude" towards vernacular writings -- a tension that would recur in the contemporary period The following is a list of gods, goddesses, deities, and many other divine, semi-divine, and important figures from classical Philippine mythology and indigenous Philippine folk religions collectively referred to as Anitism, whose expansive stories span from a hundred years ago to presumably thousands of years from modern blogger.com list does not include creatures; for these, see List of
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Indigenous Philippine folk religions are the distinct native religions of various ethnic groups in the Philippines, where most follow belief systems in line with animism. Generally, these indigenous folk religions are referred to as Anitism or Bathalism or the more modern and less Tagalog-centric Dayawism. The profusion of different terms arises from the fact that these indigenous religions mostly flourished in the pre-colonial period before the Philippines had become a single nation.
While these beliefs can be treated as separate religions, scholars have noted that they follow a " common structural framework of ideas " which can be studied together. The folklore narratives associated with these religious beliefs constitute what is now called Philippine mythologyand is an important aspect of the study of Philippine culture and Filipino psychology.
Historian T. Valentino Sitoy, in his philippine narrative essays of documents concerning pre-Spanish religious beliefs, philippine narrative essays, notes that three core characteristics which shaped the religious worldview of Filipinos throughout the archipelago before the arrival of Spanish colonizers.
First, Filipinos believed in the existence of parallel spirit worldwhich was invisible but had an influence on the visible world. Second, Filipinos believed that there were spirits anito everywhere - ranging from the high creator gods to minor spirits that lived in the environment such as trees or rocks or creeks.
Third, Filipinos believed that events in the human world were influenced by the actions and interventions of these spirit beings. Anito were the ancestor spirits umalagador nature spirits and deities diwata in the indigenous animistic religions of precolonial Philippines.
Paganito also maganito or anitohan refers to a séanceoften accompanied by other rituals or celebrations, in which a shaman Visayan : babaylanTagalog : katalonan acts as a medium to communicate directly with the spirits.
When a nature spirit or deity is specifically involved, the ritual is called philippine narrative essays also magdiwata or diwatahan. Anito can also refer to the act of worship or a religious sacrifice to a spirit. When Spanish missionaries arrived in the Philippines, the word " anito " came to be associated with the physical representations of spirits that featured prominently in paganito rituals. During the American rule of the Philippines —the meaning of the Spanish word idolo "a thing worshiped" has been further conflated with the English word " idol ", philippine narrative essays, and thus anito has come to refer almost exclusively to the carved figures or statues taotao of ancestral and nature spirits.
The belief in anito is sometimes referred to as anitism in scholarly literature Spanish: anitismo or anitería. Many indigenous Filipino cultures assert the existence of a high god, creator god, or sky god. Among the Visayan peoples the creator God is referred to as Laonphilippine narrative essays, meaning "the ancient one. Among most of the Cordilleran peoples with the Apayao region as an exceptionthe creator and supreme teacher is known as Kabuniyan.
In most cases, however, philippine narrative essays, these gods were considered such great beings that they were too distant for ordinary people to approach. Lesser deities in Filipino religions generally fit into three broad categories: nature spirits residing in the environment, such as a mountain or philippine narrative essays tree; guardian spirits in charge of specific aspects of daily life such as hunting or fishing; and deified ancestors or tribal heroes.
These categories frequently overlap, with individual deities falling into two or more categories, and in some instances, deities evolve from one role to another, as when a tribal hero known for fishing becomes a guardian spirit associated with hunting.
Each ethnic group has their own concept and number of the soul of a being, notably humans. In most cases, a person has two or more souls while he or she is alive. The origin of a person's soul have been told through narratives concerning the indigenous Philippine folk religions, where each ethnic religion has its unique concept on soul origin, soul composition, retaining and caring for the soul, and other matters, such as the eventual passage of the soul after the person's life is relinquished.
In some cases, the souls are provided by certain deities such as the case among the Tagbanwa, while in others, the soul comes from philippine narrative essays special regions such as the case among the Bisaya. Some people have two souls such as the Ifugao, while philippine narrative essays have five souls such as the Hanunoo Mangyan. In general, a person's physical and mental health contribute to the overall health of the person's souls.
In some instances, if a soul is lost, a person will become sick, and if all living souls are gone, then the body eventually dies. However, there are also instances in which the body can still live despite the loss of all of its souls, such as the phenomenon called mekararuanan among the Ibanag. Overall, caring for one's self is essential to long life for the souls, philippine narrative essays, which in turn provide a long life to the body.
Ghosts or ancestral spirits, in a general Philippine concept, philippine narrative essays, are the spirits of those who have already passed away. In other words, they are the souls of the dead. They are different from the souls of the living, in which, in many instances, a person has two or more living souls, depending on the ethnic group.
These ghosts are usually referred to as ancestral spirits who can guide and protect their relatives and community, philippine narrative essays, [9] though ancestral spirits can also cast harm if they are disrespected.
Throughout various cultural phases in the archipelago, specific communities of people gradually developed or absorbed notable symbols in their belief systems. Many of these symbols or emblems are deeply rooted in indigenous epics, poems, and pre-colonial beliefs of the natives.
Each ethnic group has their own set of culturally important symbols, philippine narrative essays, but there are also "shared symbols" which philippine narrative essays influenced many ethnic peoples in a particular area.
Some examples of important Anitist symbols are as follow:. Indigenous shamans were spiritual leaders of various ethnic peoples of the pre-colonial Philippine islands. These shamans, philippine narrative essays, many of whom are still extant, were almost always women or effeminate men asog or bayok.
They were believed to have spirit guidesby which they could contact and interact with the spirits and deities anito or diwata and the spirit world. Their primary role was as mediums during pag-anito séance rituals.
There were also various subtypes of shamans specializing in the arts of healing and herbalismdivinationand sorcery, philippine narrative essays. Numerous types of shamans use different kinds of items in their work, such as talismans or charms known as agimat or anting-anting, curse deflectors such as buntot pagiand sacred oil concoctions, among many other objects.
All social classes, including the shamans, respect and revere their deity statues called larauanbululmanangetc. The negative counterparts of Philippine shamans are the Philippine witcheswhich include different kinds of people with differing occupations and cultural connotations depending on the ethnic group they are associated with. They are completely different from the Western notion of what a witch is. Examples of witches in a Philippine concept are the mannamay, mangkukulam philippine narrative essays, and mambabarang.
Aside from the shamans, there are also other types of people who can counter specific magics of witches, such as the mananambal, which specializes in countering barang. However, because they are mortal humans, the physical strength of shamans are limited compared to the strength of an aswang being. This gap philippine narrative essays physical strength is usually bridged by a dynamics of knowledge and wit. Ancient Filipinos and Filipinos who continue to adhere to the indigenous Philippine folk religions generally do not have so-called "temples" of worship under the context known to foreign cultures.
Among Bicolanos, taotao were also kept inside sacred caves called moog. During certain ceremonies, anito are venerated through temporary altars near sacred places. These were called latangan or lantayan in Visayan, and dambana or lambana in Tagalog. They were either small roofless platforms or standing poles split at the tip similar to a tiki torch, philippine narrative essays.
They held halved coconut shells, metal plates, or martaban jars as receptacles for offerings. Taotao may sometimes also be placed on these platforms. Other types of sacred places or objects of worship of diwata include the material manifestation of their realms. The most widely venerated were balete trees also called nonoknunuk philippine narrative essays, nonocetc. and anthills or termite mounds punso.
Other examples include mountains, waterfalls, tree groves, reefs, and caves. Many ethnic peoples in the country have a shared "mountain worship culture", where specific mountains are believed to be the abodes of certain divinities or supernatural beings and aura.
Mythical places of worship are also present in some mythologies. Unfortunately, a majority of these places of worship which includes items associated with these sites such as idol statues and ancient documents written in suyat scripts were brutalized and destroyed by the Spanish colonialists between the 15th to 19th centuries, and were continued to be looted by American imperialists in the early 20th century.
Additionally, the lands used by the native people for worship were mockingly converted by the colonialists as foundation for their foreign churches and cemeteries, philippine narrative essays. Examples of indigenous places of worship that have survived colonialism are mostly natural philippine narrative essays such as mountains, gulfs, lakes, trees, boulders, and caves.
Indigenous man-made places of worship are still present in certain communities in the provinces, notably in ancestral domains where the people continue to practice their indigenous religions. Supernatural non- anito beings are called lamang-lupa beings of the land or lamang-dagat beings of the sea or other water bodies.
The dambana is usually taken care of by the Philippine shamansthe indigenous spiritual leader of the barangay communityand to some extent, the datu barangay political leader and the lakan barangay coalition political leader as well. Initially unadorned and revered minimally, philippine narrative essays, [57] damabanas later on were filled with adornments centering on religious practices towards larauan statues due to trade and religious influences from various independent and vassal states, philippine narrative essays.
Inthe international astronomical monitoring agency Minor Planet Center MPC named Asteroid XB Anagolayafter the Tagalog goddess of lost things, Anagolay. In accordance to the National Cultural Heritage Actas enacted inthe Philippine Registry of Cultural Property PReCUP was established as the national registry of the Philippine Government used to consolidate in one record all cultural property that are deemed important to the cultural heritage, tangible and intangible, of the Philippines.
The registry safeguards a variety of Philippine heritage elements, including oral literature, music, dances, ethnographic materials, and sacred grounds, among many others.
The indigenous Philippine folk religions were widely spread in the archipelago, prior to the arrival of Abrahamic religions. The majority of the people, however, had converted to Christianity due to Spanish colonization from the 16th to the late 19th century, which continued through the 20th century during and after American colonization, philippine narrative essays.
Inthe Philippine Statistics Authority released a study, stating that only 0. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the ethnic religions of the Philippines in general. For the various applications of the specific religious terms "Anito" and "Anitism", see Anito. Native religions of the Philippines. Mythical beings.
Aswang Berbalang Diwata Duwende Juan Tamad Mambabarang Manananggal Mangkukulam Mariang Makiling Nuno philippine narrative essays punso. Mythical animals. Bakunawa Ekek Kapre Limokon Manaul Sarimanok Sigbin Sirena Siyokoy Tikbalang Tigmamanukan Tiyanak. Mythical heroes. Ama-ron Bernardo Carpio. Main article: Anito. Main article: Deities of Philippine mythology, philippine narrative essays. Main article: Souls in Filipino cultures, philippine narrative essays.
Main article: Philippine shamans. Main article: Indigenous Philippine shrines and sacred grounds. Philippines portal Religion portal. Among the Itnegshrines are known tangpappangkewor alalot for various small roofed altars ; and balaua or kalangan for larger structures. In Mindanaoshrines are known among the Subanen as maligai ; among the Teduray as tenin only entered by shamans ; and among the Bagobo as buis for those built near roads and villages and parabunnian for those built near rice fields.
in Doing Theology in the Philippines. Suk, John.
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The last throes of American colonialism saw the flourishing of Philippine literature in English at the same time, with the introduction of the New Critical aesthetics, made writers pay close attention to craft and "indirectly engendered a disparaging attitude" towards vernacular writings -- a tension that would recur in the contemporary period Oct 11, · Metrical Tale. This is a narrative which is written in verse and can be classified either as a ballad or a metrical romance. Examples: BAYANI NG BUKID by Al Perez HERO OF THE FIELDS by Al Perez 3. Ballads. Of the narrative poems, this is considered the shortest and simplest. F.B. Icasino wrote essays in The Philippine Review MODERN ModernERA era in Philippine Art began after World War 2 and the granting of Independence. Writers and artists posed the question of national identity as the main theme of various art forms. CONTEMPORA RY PhilippineART Contemporary Art was an offshoot of
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