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Diana [a] is a goddess in Roman and Hellenistic religionprimarily considered a patroness of the countrysidehunterscrossroadsand the Moon, personal mythology essay. She is equated with the Greek goddess Artemisand absorbed much of Artemis' mythology early in Roman history, including a birth on the island of Delos to parents Jupiter and Latonaand a twin brother, Apollo[2] though she had an independent origin in Italy.
Diana is considered a virgin goddess and protector of childbirth. Historically, Diana made up a triad with two other Roman deities: Egeria the water nymph, her servant and assistant midwife; and Virbiusthe woodland god.
Diana is revered in modern neopagan religions including Roman neopaganismStregheriaand Wicca. From the medieval to the modern period, as folklore attached to her developed and was eventually adapted into neopagan religions, the mythology surrounding Diana grew to include a consort Lucifer and daughter Aradiafigures sometimes recognized by modern traditions.
The ancient Latin writers Varro and Cicero considered the etymology of Dīāna as allied to that of dies and connected to the shine of the Moon, noting that one of her titles is Diana Lucifera "light-bearer". people regard Diana and the moon as one and the same. the moon luna is so called from the verb to shine lucere.
Lucina is identified with it, which is why personal mythology essay our country they invoke Juno Lucina in childbirth, just as the Greeks call on Diana the Light-bearer. Diana also has the name Omnivaga "wandering everywhere"not because of her hunting but because she is numbered as one of the seven planets; personal mythology essay name Diana derives from the fact that she turns darkness into daylight dies.
She is invoked at childbirth because children are born occasionally after seven, or usually after nine, lunar revolutions The persona of Diana is complex, and personal mythology essay a number of archaic features. Diana was originally considered to be a goddess of the wilderness and of the hunt, a central sport in both Roman and Greek culture.
Later, in the Hellenistic period, Diana came to be equally or more revered as a goddess not of the wild woodland but of the "tame" countryside, or villa rusticathe idealization of which was common in Greek thought and poetry. This dual role as goddess of both civilization and the wild, and therefore the civilized countryside, first applied to the Greek goddess Artemis for example, personal mythology essay, in the 3rd century BCE poetry of Anacreon.
Personal mythology essay Roman poet Nemesianus wrote a typical description of Diana: She carried a bow and a quiver full of golden arrows, wore a golden cloak, purple half-boots, and a belt with a personal mythology essay buckle to hold her tunic together, and wore her hair gathered in a ribbon.
Diana was often considered an aspect of a triple goddessknown as Diana triformis : Diana, Lunaand Hecate. According to historian C. Green, personal mythology essay, "these were neither different goddesses nor an amalgamation of different goddesses. They were Diana Diana as huntress, Diana as the moon, Diana of the underworld.
Andreas Alföldi interpreted an image on a late Republican coin as the Latin Diana "conceived as a threefold unity of the divine huntress, the Moon goddess and the goddess of the nether world, Hekate ".
Accoleius Lariscolus in 43 BCE, has been acknowledged as representing an archaic statue of Diana Nemorensis. The iconographical analysis allows the dating of this image to the 6th century at which time there are Etruscan models.
The coin shows that the triple goddess cult image still stood in the lucus of Nemi in 43 BCE. Lake Nemi was called Triviae lacus by Virgil Aeneid 7, personal mythology essay. Two heads found in the sanctuary [20] and the Roman theatre at Nemi, which have a hollow on their back, lend support to this interpretation of an archaic triple Diana. The earliest epithet of Diana was Triviaand she was addressed with that title by Virgil, [22] Catullus, [23] and many others.
This role carried a somewhat dark and dangerous connotation, as it metaphorically pointed the way to the underworld. She evokes the triple goddess of Diana, Selene, and Hecate, and specifies that she requires the powers of the latter. It can symbolize the paths hunters may encounter in the forest, lit only by the full moon; this symbolizes making choices "in the dark" without the light of guidance.
Diana's role as a goddess of the underworld, or at least of ushering people between life and death, caused her early on to be conflated with Hecate and occasionally also with Proserpina. However, her role as an underworld goddess appears to pre-date strong Greek influence though the early Greek colony of Cumae had a cult of Hekate and personal mythology essay had contacts with the Latins [25].
A theater in her sanctuary at Lake Nemi included a pit and tunnel that would have allowed actors to easily descend on one side of the stage and ascend on the other, indicating a connection between the phases of the moon and a descent by the moon goddess into the underworld.
This is due to a seeming reluctance or taboo by the early Latins to name underworld deities, and the fact that they believed the underworld to be silent, precluding naming. Hekate, a Greek goddess also associated with the boundary between the earth and the underworld, became attached to Diana as a name for her underworld aspect following Greek influence. Diana was often considered to be a goddess associated with fertility and childbirth, and the protection of women during labor.
Personal mythology essay probably arose as an extension of her association with the moon, whose cycles were believed to parallel the menstrual cycle, and which was used to track the months during pregnancy.
This care of infants also extended to the training of both young people and dogs, especially for hunting. The title of Juno may also have had an independent origin as it applied to Diana, with the literal meaning of "helper" - Diana as Juno Lucina would be the "helper of childbirth". According to a theory personal mythology essay by Georges DumézilDiana falls into a particular subset of celestial gods, referred to in histories of religion as frame gods.
Such gods, while keeping the original features of celestial divinities i. transcendent heavenly power and abstention from direct rule in worldly matters personal mythology essay, did not share the fate of other celestial gods in Indoeuropean religions - that of becoming dei otiosior gods without practical purpose, [26] since they did retain a particular sort of influence over the world and mankind.
Diana, therefore, reflects the heavenly world in its sovereignty, supremacy, impassibility, and indifference towards such secular matters as the fates of mortals and states, personal mythology essay. At the same time, however, personal mythology essay, she personal mythology essay seen as active in ensuring the succession of kings and in the preservation of humankind through the protection of childbirth.
According to Dumezil, the forerunner of all frame gods is an Indian epic hero who was the image avatar of the Vedic god Dyaus. Having renounced the world, in his roles of father and king, he attained the status of an immortal being while retaining the duty of ensuring that his dynasty is preserved and that there is always a new king for each generation. The Scandinavian god Heimdallr performs an analogous function: he is born first and will die last.
He too gives origin to kingship and the first king, bestowing on him regal prerogatives. Diana, although a female deity, has exactly the same functions, preserving mankind through childbirth and royal succession. Pairault, in her essay on Diana, qualified Dumézil's theory as " impossible to verify ".
Personal mythology essay the Greek godsRoman gods were originally considered to be numina : divine powers of presence and will that did not necessarily have physical form.
At the time Rome was founded, personal mythology essay, Diana and the other major Roman gods probably did not have much mythology per se, or any depictions in human form.
The idea of gods as having anthropomorphic qualities and human-like personalities and actions developed later, under the influence of Greek and Etruscan religion. By the 3rd century BCE, Diana is found listed among the twelve major personal mythology essay of the Roman pantheon by the poet Ennius. Though the Capitoline Triad were the primary state gods of Rome, early Roman myth did not assign a strict hierarchy to the gods the way Greek mythology did, though the Greek hierarchy would eventually be adopted by Roman religion as well.
Once Personal mythology essay influence had caused Diana to be considered identical to the Greek goddess ArtemisDiana acquired Artemis's physical description, attributes, and variants of her myths as well. A 1st-century BCE Roman coin see above depicted her with a unique, short hairstyle, and in triple form, with one form holding a bow and another holding a poppy.
When worship of Apollo was first introduced to Rome, Diana personal mythology essay conflated with Apollo's sister Artemis as in the earlier Greek myths, and personal mythology essay such she became identified as the daughter of Apollo's parents Latona and Jupiter. Though Diana was usually considered to be a virgin goddess like Artemis, later authors sometimes attributed consorts and children to her. According to Cicero and EnniusTrivia an epithet of Diana and Caelus were the parents of Janusas well as of Saturn and Ops.
According to Macrobius who cited Nigidius Figulus and Ciceropersonal mythology essay, Janus and Jana Diana are a pair of divinities, worshiped as the sun and moon. Janus was said to receive sacrifices before all personal mythology essay others because, through him, the way of access to the desired deity is made apparent.
Diana's mythology incorporated stories which were variants of earlier stories about Artemis. Possibly the most well-known of these is the myth of Actaeon. In Ovid 's version of this myth, part of his personal mythology essay Metamorphoseshe tells of a pool or grotto hidden in the wooded valley of Gargaphie. There, Diana, the goddess of the woods, personal mythology essay bathe and rest after a hunt.
Actaeon, a young hunter, stumbled across the grotto and accidentally witnessed the goddess bathing without invitation. In retaliation, Diana splashed him with water from the pool, cursing him, personal mythology essay he transformed into a deer. His own hunting dogs caught his scent, and tore him apart. Ovid's version of the myth of Actaeon differs from most earlier sources. Unlike earlier myths about Artemis, Actaeon is killed for an innocent mistake, glimpsing Diana bathing. An earlier variant of this myth, known as the Bath of Pallashad the hunter intentionally spy on the bathing goddess Pallas Athenaand earlier versions of the myth involving Artemis did not involve the bath at all.
Diana was an ancient goddess common to all Latin tribes. Therefore, many sanctuaries were dedicated to her in the lands inhabited by Latins. Her primary sanctuary was a woodland grove overlooking Lake Nemia body of water also known as "Diana's Mirror", personal mythology essay, where she was worshiped as Diana Nemorensisor "Diana of the Wood".
In Rome, the cult of Diana may have been almost as old as the city itself. Varro mentions her in the list of deities to whom king Titus Tatius promised to build a shrine. His list included Luna and Diana Lucina as separate entities. Another testimony to the antiquity of her cult is to be found in the lex regia of King Tullus Hostilius that condemns those guilty of incest to the sacratio to Diana.
She had a temple in Rome on the Aventine Hillaccording to tradition dedicated by king Servius Tullius. Its location is remarkable as the Aventine is situated outside the pomeriumi. original territory of the city, in order to comply with the tradition that Diana was a goddess common to all Latins and not exclusively of the Romans, personal mythology essay. Being placed on the Aventine, and thus outside the pomeriummeant that Diana's cult essentially remained a foreign one, like that of Bacchus ; she was never officially transferred to Rome as Juno was after the sack of Veii.
Other known sanctuaries and temples to Diana include Colle di Corne near Tusculum[35] where she is referred to with the archaic Latin name of deva Cornisca and where existed a collegium of worshippers; [36] at Évora, Portugal; [37] Mount Algidus, also near Tusculum; [38] at Lavinium ; [39] and at Tibur Tivoliwhere she is referred to as Diana Opifera Nemorensis, personal mythology essay.
According to Plutarchmen and women alike were worshipers of Diana and were welcomed into all of her temples, personal mythology essay. The one exception personal mythology essay to have been a temple on the Vicus Patriciuspersonal mythology essay, which men either did not enter due to tradition, or were not allowed to enter.
Plutarch related a legend that a man had attempted to assault a woman worshiping in this temple and was killed by a pack of dogs echoing the myth of Diana and Actaeonwhich resulted in a superstition against men entering the temple, personal mythology essay.
A feature common to nearly all of Diana's temples and shrines by the second century AD was the hanging up of stag antlers. Plutarch noted that the only exception to this was the temple on the Aventine Hill, in which bull horns had been hung up instead, personal mythology essay. Plutarch explains this by way of reference to a legend surrounding the sacrifice of an impressive Sabine bull by King Servius at the founding of the Aventine temple.
Diana's worship may have originated at an open-air sanctuary overlooking Lake Nemi in the Alban Hills near Ariciawhere she was worshiped as Diana Nemorensisor "Diana of the Sylvan Glade".
In this tradition, the Nemi sanctuary was supposedly built on the pattern of an earlier Temple of Artemis Tauropolos, [45] and the first cult statue at Nemi was said to have been stolen from the Tauri and brought to Nemi by Orestes.
Her cult there was first attested in Latin literature by Cato the Elderin a surviving quote by the late grammarian Priscian. A festival personal mythology essay Diana, the Nemoraliawas held yearly at Nemi on the Ides of August August 13—15 [50]. Worshipers traveled to Nemi carrying torches and garlands, personal mythology essay, and once at the lake, they left pieces of thread tied to fences and tablets inscribed with prayers. The poet Statius wrote of the festival: [6].
Statius describes the triple nature of the goddess by invoking heavenly the starsearthly the grove itself and underworld Hecate imagery.
Personal Mythology with Stanley Krippner
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